今日はTPRS（Total Physical Response Storytelling）について少し紹介したいと思います。
TPR＆TPRSの研究を始めて１年ぐらい経ちます。最初はEffortless English でそのメソドを知りました。Blaine Ray によって考案されたもので、 James Asher's Total Physical Response も取り入れられています。
このメソドは文法のみの学習はせず、ストーリーを通して学びます。wikipediaより、
STEP 1: Establish Meaning. This is done primarily by translation from a speakers native language to the target language.
STEP 2: Ask a story. Using a general outline of a story, the instructor asks students to provide specific details. This allows students to make it their own. At the same time a circling technique of asking questions, and repeating phrases results in multiple repetitions of the target structures.
STEP 3: Read and discuss the story, or a different story which contains the grammar structures from STEP 2, but different details.
そしてこのメソドを体験すべく、私はサンフランシスコで2007年８月７日から１０日までの４日間、FLUENCY FAST BEGINNING SPANISHに参加しました。私の尊敬する先生の一人Karen Rowan先生に教わりました。彼女は本当に素晴らしいです！
授業は、初めはTPRから入り、立つlevántate、座るsiéntate、歩くanda、ゆっくりlento、早くrápido、ゾウelefante（なぜかFLUENCY FASTは象を使うのが好き）といった単語を学びます。そして、その組み合わせのコマンドを身体を使って表現します。例えば、ゾウのように早く歩くとか、立って座って、ゾウのまねとか。
とても楽しく始まった後、徐々に単語を増やして行きます。
このクラスはアメリカ人対象で、全てが英語で行われます。説明も全て英語です。
人によっては英語は英語のみで、スペイン語はスペイン語のみで学んだ方がいいと考える方もいると思います。しかし、分かる言語で単語の意味を理解した方が効率がいいでしょう。
言語の脳への定着は、ストーリーと何度も繰り返される質問で行われます。
例えば英語の簡単なストーリーを紹介すると、Poor Ana By Blaine Rayより、
Ana is a girl with a problem. She has many problems. She has problems with her friends and her family. She's a normal girl, but she has many problems. Ana is fifteen years old. She's not very tall. She has long hair. She has Brown eyes and black hair.
このストーリーだけで、たくさんの質問が可能です。
Is there a girl or boy?
What is the girl's name?
Is her name Susan?
Is her name Susan or Ana?
What is Ana?
Who is a girl?
Does she have a problem or many problems?
Who has problems?
What does Ana have?
So, does she have many problems?
Is Ana a normal girl?
Who is a normal girl?
Does she have one problem?
What is her name?
Does she have brown eyes or blue eyes?
What color are her eyes?
Who has brown eyes?
Etc.......
また授業では、学生にストーリー作りに参加させ、面白さを分かち合います(先生が作ったストーリーに添ってですが)。
先生 ある所に女の子がいます。その女の子の名前は、Anaです。（Anaはクラスにいる人の名前）彼女はペットを飼っています。それは何でしょうか？
学生 ねこ、いぬ etc....
先生 残念ながら違います。それはゾウです！
先生 そのゾウはどうなゾウですか？大きいですか？小さいですか？
学生 大きいです。
先生 そうです。大きいです。では何頭いますか？
学生 １頭、２頭．．．４頭
先生 そうです。４頭です！
と言った感じです。
学生はなぞなぞに答えるように、簡単な質問に楽しみながら答え、自信を付けます。
なぜストーリーを使う事が重要か？
人に何か伝えたい！話したい時、英語や外国語を頭で考えていませんか？
しかし、TPRSで語学を学べば、ストーリーを少し変えたら自分のストーリを簡単に作り出せます。
Anaを自分に置き換えたり、彼女にしたり、単語を少し変えるだけです。
文の構造、フレーズを覚えていれば、簡単に自分のストーリーが出来るのです。
FLUENCY FAST BEGINNING SPANISHを受けて本当に感動しました！！
まったくゼロのスペイン語が４時間で上記の文の意味が分かるのです。
始めての言語を少し聞いただけでは、理解できないと思っていましたが、TPRSを使えば違います！
そして、何よりも、この４日間毎日４時間の授業が楽しくて仕方がなかった。
毎日とても楽しみで、ストーリーを作るのに参加できるのも大きな楽しみの一つです。
長くなったので、この続きは明日。
Blaine Ray & Karen Rowan Summer 2007Beginning Spanishより抜粋
TURN THE PAGE TO COVER OF YOUR PACKET WHEN YOU ARE FINISHED.
1-866-WWW-FLUE(NCY) www.FluencyFast.com
FLUENCY FAST BEGINNING SPANISH (curriculum 4)
by Blaine Ray & Karen Rowan
Objectives:
1. Participants will be able to use the target vocabulary, as well as basic introductory vocabulary.
2. Participants will be able to recognize and use vocabulary in the present tense
3. Participants will be able to write 100 words in 10-15 minutes of uninterrupted writing time
4. Students will be able to read and understand MORE in the target language than they were able to when they arrived.
Methods:
Each day participants will be presented with vocabulary and advanced grammatical structures from the thematic unit. Techniques used include TPR (Total Physical Response), TPRS (Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling), songs, long-term memory techniques, acting, storytelling, reading, translation and conversation.
Outcomes:
Outcomes vary by student depending on previous exposure to the language or other languages. Our first goal is that each student leaves the class knowing more Spanish that when he or she arrived. Our second goal is that once the myth has been dispelled that learning a language is difficult, that the student go on to continue learning the language.
What YOU must know about acquiring a language through TPRS in order to be successful:
There is no such thing as a person who isn’t good at learning languages.
Everything you learned in school about how to learn languages was wrong. You were forcing your brain to function in a way it was never designed to. That was not the fault of your brain. (This does not mean everything you were taught was wrong…. You did not learn what your teacher intended to teach.)
The trick to acquiring another language is ridiculously simple:
You must hear a lot of the language and you must completely, entirely, totally, 100% understand what is being said. In fact…. if you’re doing it right… it feels effortless. It feels involuntary.
You must be relaxed and not feel pressured to speak or perform. There’s no need to try to repeat what you hear. Just concentrate on trying to understand. Stop me and ask for translation or to slow down.
Turn off the part of your brain that wants to turn this into work…. wants to memorize… wants to study… wants to analyze…. wants to cram information into the short term memory instead of the long-term memory….
To do that you must:
A. Have fun.
B. Listen. Be aware of when your attention wanders and think of ways that you can contribute details to the story.
C. Stop and signal me whenever you don’t understand even one word.
D. Laugh. It releases endorphins that contribute to long term retention. Plus… it’s supposed to be funny.
G. Take breaks and move around. A little physical movement makes the brain dump feel-good chemicals into the body that also increase long-term memory.
H. Read, read and re-read. As you read you’ll understand more and more. Use the vocab list, but don’t look everything up in a dictionary.
Effortless English Podcast
mixpod
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